Dr Tudor-Alexandru Chiuariu, former Chairperson of the Committee on Legal Affairs, Appointments, Discipline, Immunities and Validations of the Senate of Romania and Member of the Romanian national delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly, then presented the Romanian experience of managing an extensive system of declaration of assets by all public officials, elected and non-elected. Dr Chiuariu underlined a key challenge of financial declarations – namely, ensuring the independence of the body responsible for oversight and enforcement while at the same time ensuring effective oversight of that body’s activities, especially where it has extensive powers as in the case of the Romanian National Agency for Integrity (ANI). In the Romanian case such oversight is essentially ensured by the fact that all decisions of the ANI are subject to judicial review; indeed, certain of the most serious sanctions must actually be imposed by courts, on proposal of the ANI. Dr Chiuariu and several other participants noted instances in several countries where alleged violations of declaration requirements have been publicised at a time to serve certain political interests, for example. A specificity of the Romanian system compared to the UK is the level of detail that declarations go to, including for example the requirement to declare watches, jewellery, paintings and the like. Dr Chiuariu described the enforcement record, both from the point of view of administrative findings but also the political impact, for example the fact that 3 MPs lost their mandates following ANI’s findings.